How much can my company be fined under PLD?
PLD carries penalties of up to No cap — civil liability for all damage caused. This page breaks down every fine tier by article, explains who is at risk, and shows live enforcement examples.
How PLD penalties work
The revised Product Liability Directive (2024/2853) establishes a civil liability regime, not an administrative fine regime. There is no maximum penalty amount. Manufacturers of defective products — including software and AI systems — face unlimited civil liability for damage caused. The Directive introduces a rebuttable presumption of defect and disclosure obligations for product documentation in litigation.
Fine tiers by article
Civil liability for physical, material, and non-material harm from defective products
No cap — full compensation for all damage caused
Applies to:
- Personal injury caused by a defective AI medical device
- Data corruption damage caused by defective software
- Property damage from defective IoT device
- Non-material harm (psychological damage) now explicitly covered
Stacked exposure with other EU regulations
Civil claims under the revised PLD can run alongside criminal liability under national law, regulatory fines under AI Act or GDPR, and contractual disputes. There is no mechanism to offset civil damages against regulatory fines.
Calculate your stacked fine exposure →Frequently asked questions
What are the penalties under the revised Product Liability Directive?
The PLD is a civil liability regime — there is no maximum fine. Manufacturers of defective products (including software and AI systems) can be held liable for all damage caused, with no cap. The Directive introduces a rebuttable presumption of defect in complex cases to make it easier for claimants to succeed.
What is your stacked fine exposure across all EU regulations?
Calculate your combined risk across PLD, GDPR, NIS2, AI Act, DORA, and more — free, no signup.
Open fine risk calculator — freeFor informational purposes only. This is not legal advice — consult qualified legal counsel for advice specific to your situation.
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