---
url: https://eurocomply.app/regulations/dma/persona/business-user-of-gatekeeper
canonical: https://eurocomply.app/regulations/dma/persona/business-user-of-gatekeeper
title: DMA for Business Users of Gatekeepers — EuroComply
regulation: DMA
regulationNumber: (EU) 2022/1925
celex: 32022R1925
persona: Business Users of Gatekeepers
personaSlug: business-user-of-gatekeeper
inForceDate: 2022-11-01
applicationDate: 2023-05-02
sourceUrl: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/1925/oj
lastReviewed: 2026-05-12
author: EuroComply Team
license: CC-BY-4.0
---

# DMA for Business Users of Gatekeepers

Business users of designated gatekeepers — third-party app developers, retailers selling via marketplaces, businesses advertising through gatekeeper search engines — gain a set of rights under Articles 5, 6, and 7. The DMA does not impose obligations on business users themselves; it grants them entitlements directly enforceable against gatekeepers.

## Does DMA apply to business users of gatekeepers?

Business users do not have obligations under the DMA. Articles 5, 6, and 7 grant them directly enforceable rights against the seven designated gatekeepers (Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, Microsoft, Booking.com).

**Key considerations:**

- Anti-steering right (Article 5(4)): business users may communicate and contract with their end users outside the gatekeeper's core platform, including for offers and prices
- Data portability (Article 6(9)): end users have a right to free, real-time, continuous data portability — including via APIs — for data they or their business contacts generated
- FRAND access to app-store, search, social, and online-intermediation services (Article 6(12)): gatekeepers must provide access on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms
- Right to interoperability with operating-system features and hardware (Article 6(7)) — relevant for app and hardware developers

## Underlying DMA facts

**Full name:** Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act).

**Maximum fine:** Up to 10% of global annual turnover (20% for repeat infringements).

**Key dates:**

- 2022-11-01 — Entry into force (Article 54)
- 2023-05-02 — Application date (Article 54)
- 2023-09-06 — First gatekeeper designations issued by the European Commission (Article 3)
- 2024-03-06 — Designated gatekeepers must comply with Articles 5, 6, 7 obligations (Article 3(10))

## Recommended next step

[Read the DMA gatekeeper-obligations guide](https://eurocomply.app/regulations/dma)

## Related EuroComply resources

- Full DMA compliance guide: [/regulations/dma](https://eurocomply.app/regulations/dma)
- Markdown companion: [/regulations/dma.md](https://eurocomply.app/regulations/dma.md)

## Source

Authoritative text: [(EU) 2022/1925 — EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/1925/oj) (OJ L 265, 12.10.2022, p. 1–66).

---

Informational only. Not legal advice — consult qualified legal counsel.

Last reviewed: 2026-05-12 by the EuroComply Team. License: CC-BY-4.0.